The enzyme amylase Essay Example for Free

The enzyme amylase Essay Risk Assessment Using hot water could cause a risk of burns. Variable Table Type Variable Value How Measured Dependent Variable Amount Of Glucose Colour black or shade of orange Using Iodine Independent Variable Temperature Degrees 10i C to 80i C Thermometer Controlled Variable Volume of Chemicals 30ml Graded Tube Controlled Variable Concentration of Chemical All chemicals are from the same original unchanged source. Controlled Variable Time for reaction Minutes Using a stop watched Method Diagram Trial Data This trial data was done on a focus science computer program. Temperature. Reaction Time 10oC No Reaction 15oC 17 minutes 20oC 11 minutes 25oC 8 minutes 30oC 6 minutes 35oC 5 minutes 40oC 5 minutes 45oC 5 minutes 50oC 6 minutes 55oC 10 minutes 60oC No Reaction From the trial data it is clear to see the only variables that have an effect on the experiment are time and temperature. Obtaining Evidence Introduction These are my results I found out when I did my experiment. I repeated the experiment 3 times to ensure the best accuracy. Experiment 1 Temperature Time 25. No Reaction Experiment 2 Temperature Time 2C 180 Seconds 50i C 213 Seconds 55i C 240 Seconds 60i C N/A Analysis Experiment 1 In this graph of experiment 1, the reaction time has a minimum value of 1:30 this happens at 35iC. The highest value occurs at 25i C and this is 5:00. From 25i C to the minimum value of 35i C the reaction time decreases at a decreasing rate. From the minimum value 35i C to the last value of 55i C the reaction time increases at a decreasing rate. Experiment 2 In this graph of experiment 2, the reaction time has a minimum value of 1:20 this happens at 35i C. The highest value occurs at 55i C and this is 3:20. From 25i C to the minimum value of 35i C the reaction time decreases at a decreasing rate. From the minimum value 35i C to the last value of 55i C the reaction time increases at a decreasing rate. Experiment 3 In this graph of experiment 3, the reaction time has a minimum value of 1:00 this happens at 35i C. The highest value occurs at 60i C and this is 5:20. From 25i C to the minimum value of 35i C the reaction time decreases at an increasing rate. From the minimum value 35i C to the last value of 60i C the reaction time increases at a decreasing rate. Mean Averages In this graph of the mean averages, the reaction time has a minimum value of 1:20 this happens at 35i C. The highest value occurs at 55i C and this is 3:20. From 25i C to the minimum value of 35i C the reaction time decreases at an increasing rate. From the minimum value 35i C to the last value of 55i C the reaction time increases at a decreasing rate. Conclusion From my graph of averages, I can see that when the results are put into a mean average form the Y axis in this case, the reaction time has a minimum and a maximum value. The maximum occurs at 55i C and is 4 minutes and the minimum value occurs at 35i C and is 1. 26minutes which happens to be the closest value to 37i C, which is the temperature I predicted the enzyme amylase would function best in. From all my results I can tell that enzyme activity was slower below the optimum temperature of 37i C but lower than 37i C was better than the enzyme being above 37i C, due to the enzymes changing of shape at extreme temperatures. All my results match my prediction. The rate of reaction dramatically dropped above and below 37i C in most instances above 37i C was slower than below 37i C. However this wasnt the case for experiment 1 possible reasons for this could have been the concentration of my amylase solution or possible the concentration of my starch solution. Reliability of Results From the results I can tell they were reliable because they follow my predicted trend and I only had one anomalous result which I did not use to calculate the 60i C average, as the anomalous result was the only result I got for 60i C in experiment 3. One possible reason for this result could have been that the solution of amylase was different to the other experiments or the starch solution was different to the other experiments. Also experiment 3 doesnt follow the trend that 25i C to the minimum value of 35i C the reaction time decreases at a decreasing rate. From the minimum value 35i C to the last value of 55i C the reaction time increases at a decreasing rate it has this trend, from 25i C to the minimum value of 35i C the reaction time decreases at an increasing rate. From the minimum value 35i C to the last value of 60i C the reaction time increases at a decreasing rate. The reason for this is the same as why I got a result for 60i C the fact that the concentration of the amylase and starch could have been different from the ones used in my other experiments. Evaluation Accuracy of results. Measuring Of Time One difficult thing about taking the readings at a certain time was allowing enough time to follow the planned procedure and drop 3 drops in at a specific time. I had to allow my self time to drop the solution into the iodine so I could get as close to my target time as possible. Also the stop watch measures to one hundredth of a second. This could have been better by using another more accurate stopwatch but for our investigation it wasnt too big a factor. However with the equipment we had to measure time, the best results were found. Measuring of Solution The method to test the solution for traces of glucose was preformed accurately and the iodine preformed its job perfectly on all occasions. Each time it did this it was a fair test there was little to no variation in the amount of Iodine in each section of the spot tile. Reliability There was only one significant problem found in the test was that the concentration of amylase was never suitable to fit our plan so we had to change the plan and test for a reaction over a shorter amount of time. However this aside the accuracy and reliability of the results and conclusions are very good. Improvements The procedure used was simple and straightforward, however only one difficulty was encountered as mentioned before. This was the concentration of the amylase. A small improvement could have been made by testing the concentration of the amylase at the start before starting our experiment. Alternatively, our own concentrations of amylase could have been made up, as to ensure that the amylase was always the same concentration. We could of also have taken results at different temperatures to increase our range of results this would of helped dramatically to able us to a see a trend more clearly. More repeats could be taken but I dont think this would add much to the accuracy of the conclusions. More accurate equipment could have been used but again but I dont think this would add much to the accuracy of the conclusions. Extending the investigation Suggestions have already been made to extend the investigation to improve our knowledge of enzyme activity. After having previously found out about how temperature affects one particular enzyme, we could test other enzymes but according to my background knowledge most enzymes function at body temperature anyway. We could also test to see what the effects of PH have on enzyme activity and test to find out the optimum PH. Then we would have a full set of results to show the overall best conditions for enzyme activity. 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Emerging retail formats in india

Emerging retail formats in india Retailing has been defined as business activities involved in selling goods and services to consumers for their personal, family or household use (Berman and Evans, 2001). Although retailing has been around for millennia, the 20th century witnessed a lot of change in the retail sector, especially in the developed countries. Modern formats such as department stores, discount stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, fast food outlets, speciality stores, warehouse retailers and hypermarkets have emerged. Retailing has become more organized and chain stores have been growing at the expense of independent shops. The chains are utilizing sophisticated information technology and communication to manage their operations and have grown rapidly not only within their home countries like US, UK, France, Germany and Holland but to other developed countries. Walmart Stores, the US retailer, was recognized as the largest firm in terms of sales in 2002 in Fortune magazines list of 500 largest globa l firms. Modern retail formats have also spread beyond developed countries and are becoming more important in the NICs and developing countries. 3 The emergence of new formats and the evolution of modern retail in India has attracted attention in recent years. The business press in India has carried several articles and news items in the last three years about the modern formats (Shukla 2001; Anand Rajshekhar, 2001; Bhattacharjee, 2001). The consulting firm KSA Technopak has organized retail meetings or summits in major metros which have witnessed participation from major domestic and international retailers, and also from manufacturers. Venugopal (2001), has discussed the census studies of retail outlets that the market research firm ORG MARG conducted in the 1990s. This census provided data and estimates on a number of parameters relating to Indian retail such as number and type of outlets and growth of outlets over time separately for urban and rural areas. Due to these reports and activities, there is good deal of information available about what is happening in Indian retail. However Indian retailing has received sparse a ttention by way of academic research with the exception of a few articles in academic journals and some case studies. Purpose of the study. The purpose of this report is to develop an understanding of the factors influencing the evolution of modern formats in Indian retailing Objective of the study The report investigates modern retail developments and growth of modern formats in this country. The challenges and opportunities available to the retailers to succeed in this country. Literature review: Indian retailing is undergoing a process of evolution and is poised to undergo dramatic transformation. The retail sector employs over 8% of the national workforce but is characterized by a high degree of fragmentation with over 5 million outlets, 96% of whom are very small with an area of less than 50 m2 (Aggarwal, 2000). The retail universe more than doubled between 1978 and 1996 and the number of outlets per 1000 people at an All India level, increased from 3.7 in 1978 to 5.6 in 1996. For the urban sector alone, the shop density increased from 4 per 1000 people in 1978 to 7.6 per 1000 people in 1996 (Venugopal, 2001). Because of their small size, Indian retailers have very little bargaining power with manufacturers and perform only a few of the flows in marketing channels unlike in the case of retailers in developed countries, ( Sarma , 2000). The corner grocer or the kirana store is a key element in the retail in India due to the housewifes unwillingness to go long distances for purchasing daily needs. An empirical study was carried out by Sinha et al ( 2002) to identify factors that influenced consumers choice of a store. Although convenience and merchandise were the two most important reasons for choosing a store, the choice criteria varied across product categories. Convenience was indicated by consumers as the most important reason in the choice of groceries and fruit outlets, chemists and lifestyle items while merchandise was indicated as the most important in durables, books and apparel. The traditional formats like hawkers, grocers and paan shops co exist with modern formats like supermarkets, and non store retailing channels such as multi level marketing and teleshopping. Example of modern formats include department stores like Akbarallys , supermarkets like Food World, franchise stores like Van Heusen and Lee, discount stores like Subhiksha, shop-in-shops, factory outlets and service retailers ( Nathan , 2001). Modern stores tend to be larger, carry more stock keeping units have a self service format and an experiential ambience. Modern formats also tend to have higher levels of sales per unit of space, stock turnover and gross margin but lower levels of net margin as compared to traditional formats (Radhakrishnan, 2003). Modernisation in retail formats is likely to happen quicker in categories like Dry groceries, electronics, Mens apparel, Books, Music. Some reshaping and adaptation my also happen in Fresh groceries, Womens apparel, fast food, and personal care p roducts (Fernandes et al, 2000). In recent years, there has been a slow spread of retail chains in some formats like supermarkets, department stores, malls and discount stores. Factors facilitating the spread of chains are the availability of quality products at lower prices, improved shopping standards, convenient shopping and display, and blending of shopping withentertainment, and the entry of industrial houses like Goenkas, Rahejas, Piramals and Tatas into retailing ( Ramaswamy and Namakumari, 2002). However formats are not easily scalable across the country. Several companies have found that it is not easy to expand beyond some regions and cities as evident from the examples of Margin Free Market and Foodworld, which are active only in a few states or cities. Affordable real estate prices and availability of sufficient number of economically well off households in the catchment area are critical requirements that will determine new store viability and thus the possibility of further expansion (Anand and Rajashekhar, 2001). According to Rao (2001), foreign direct investment in the retail sector in India, although not yet permitted by government, is desirable, as it would improve productivity and increase competitiveness. New stores will introduce efficiency. Customers also gain as prices in the new stores tend to be lower. The consequences of modernization in India may be somewhat different due to lower purchasing power and the new stores may cater to only to branded products aimed at upper income segments. However it will be wise for old style stores to join together into wholesale and retail groups to improve bargaining power as experience in developed markets such as UK has shown that the modernization in retail has led to the decline of independent mom and pop stores. The need for a fresh perspective while developing theories to explain the new developments has been stressed by Bennett et al (1998). The Indian retail environment is witnessing several changes on the demand side due to increased per capita income, changing lifestyle and increased product availability. Experience of retailing in US shows that existing theories of retail development based on changing consumer needs, are inadequate to explain new developments. In developed markets, there has been a power shift with power moving from manufacturers towards retailers. The strategies used by retailers to wrest power include the development of retailers own brands, and the introduction of slotting allowances which necessitate payments by manufacturers to retailers for providing shelf space for new products. Retailers have also used technology effectively to obtain usable information about consumer buying patterns. The increased power of retailers has led to the introduction of new tactics b y manufacturers such as everyday low pricing, partnerships with retailers and increased use of direct marketing methods. Because of these issues, a supply side perspective needs to be fused with the demand side in developing theories for explaining modernization in retail. Research design: In order to fulfill the objectives of the study primary as well as secondary data have been collected to analyze the trends in modern retail formats meticulously. To analyze the emerging trends in shoppers behavior 30 shop keepers from 6 Malls operating in Ahmedabad will be interviewed. And for the rest part of the country secondary data published by different research institutions like TSMG, CSSO, Future Group, NCAER etc have been considered to draw the key inferences.

Punishment as a form of behaviour modification Essay -- essays researc

Introduction Punishment is a process through which â€Å"the consequence of a response decreases the likelihood that the response will recur† (Gray, 2002, pp.115). Further, punishment can be seen as an effort to decrease the response rate to stimuli by either removing a desired stimulus or presenting one which is undesired (Gray, 2002). Recent studies suggest that punishment can be an effective method of behaviour modification. However, as reported in Lerman and Vorndran (2002), there are a number of limitations to punishment as an intervention and subsequent negative side effects. For this reason, certain principles upon which the implementation of a successful punishment is dependent must be adhered to. In accordance to these findings, this essay will contend that whilst there are alternative means to operant conditioning, certain punishment techniques have been proven to be effectual and in some aspects advantageous. The effectiveness of punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Punishment is one of the most used, but least understood and badly administered, aspects of learning† (Luthans, 1977, pp.300). As mentioned earlier, punishment is anything which weakens behaviour and tends to decrease it in subsequent frequency. Positive punishment is the method of administering negative consequences upon the occurrence of an action whereas Negative punishment involves the termination of positive consequences. In order to work, either case must weaken and decrease the behaviour which preceded the application or withdrawal of the stimuli. Skinner (1953) stipulated that we must defy the urge to label a form of stimuli as â€Å"desired† or â€Å"undesired† as a whole but rather to identify them by their effect on the observed subject. Whether punishment is effective depends on the criteria applied or the objectives to be achieved. That is, before we can say it is useful we must ask whether we desire an immediate or a lasting effect, and at how high a cost. There is some evidence to suggest that when punishment is administered in the form of aversive stimulation, it acts to suppress behaviour temporarily. When it is withdrawn, the punished behaviour rapidly gains strength. If the punishment is more severe and given consistently, it may act to suppress behaviour for a longer period of time (Skinner, 1953). Historically, the efficacy of punishment has been appreciated only in the pa... ... determine its utility (Lerman & Vorndran, 2002). Ultimately, â€Å"if punishment is necessary, it should always be used in combination with positive reinforcement† (Luthans, 1977, p.517). References: Blackham, G.J., & Silberman, A. (1971). Modification of Child Behaviour. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Browning, R.M., & Stover, D.O. (1971). Behaviour Modification in Child Treatment. Chicago: Aldine–Atherton, Inc. Gray, P. (2002). Psychology (4th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Lerman, D. C., & Vorndran, C. M. (2002). On the status of knowledge for using punishment: Implications for treating behavior disorders. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 431-464. Lieberman, D. A. (2000). Learning, Behavior and Cognition (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. [Chapter 7] Luthans, F. (1977). Organizational Behaviour. United States of America: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Sanson, A., Montgomery, B., Gault, U., Gridley, H., & Thomson, D. (1996). Punishment and behaviour change: An Australian Psychology Society position paper. Australian Psychologist, 31, 157-165. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behaviour. New York: Macmillan Co.

Essay --

Butler 1 Brian Butler Ms. Giblin December 20, 2013 Senior Seminar Childhood Obesity Is childhood obesity a serious problem? What causes childhood obesity? Who should take responsibility for childhood obesity? And how can childhood obesity be reduced? Childhood obesity is a medical condition for kids. Its a major problem in the US and has been for a few years. Several things have been done to lessen the sugars and fats in foods, but it still won’t be successful unless parents cut down on junk food. Not only does food cause obesity, but so does lack of exercise, lack of sleep, emotions, bullying, your environment, and depression. The terms obese and overweight are often used interchangeably, but healthy experts point out that technically there is a difference. Overweight refers to increased body weight relative to height based on some standard. People who are overweight may or may not have excess fat. Obesity is strictly defined as an excessive amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass. According to the American Obesity Association, when there is too much body fat, the result is obesity. Obesity is not a sign of a person being out of control. It is a serious medical disease that affects 14% of children in the US. Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of premature death and disability in adulthood (eMedicineHealth). It is the second leading cause of preventable death after smoking. AOA states that obesity fits all the medical definitions of a disease, such as "an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a bodily function, organ, or system." Obesity is an accumulation of excess fat and weight that occurs over time when a person takes in more calories than they expend. A calorie is a measure of heat. A calorie mea... ...can generate positive results and children continue to eat more healthfully, they will be less likely to acquire diseases associated with obesity. The earlier a child begins to learn healthy practices, the less likely he or she is to be a sick or obese adult. An increased number of healthy children can result in an increased number of those children becoming healthy adults. "Communities should increase access to food choices for a healthy diet, such as dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. They should also create a community that promotes physical activity for children and teenagers" (KET). "Initiatives by the food industry to reduce the fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods and portion sizes, to increase introduction of innovative, healthy and nutritious choices, and to review current marketing practices could accelerate health gains worldwide" (AOA).

Comparing Suffering in Crime and Punishment and One Day in the Life :: comparison compare contrast essays

Suffering in Crime and Punishment and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Survival trough suffering is a general theme running through the novels. Different forms of survival occur because in different scenarios. In One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the story takes place in a prison camp, whereas in Crime and Punishment takes place in society. During the course of the two novels, it becomes quite apparent to the reader that some characters have a reason that helps them drive forward through times of suffering. The types of suffering are differentiated for each character and so is their own individual way of tolerating the pain. For example, in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the main character, Shukov, suffers due to the harshly cold conditions that he has to deal with in the prison camp. In Crime and Punishment, the main character, Raskolnikov, suffers from his guilt which he induces on himself when he realises that killing the old moneylender was wrong. Therefore, this essay is similar to an investigation into how the main characters of each novel manage to cope with each of their individual sufferings. In One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the main character, Shukov, is coping with a tremendous amount pain. "But try and spend eight years in a ' special'- doing hard labour. No-one's come out of a 'special' alive." This shows how severe the conditions are as no-one has ever lasted a mere eight years. "A couple of hundred grams ruled your life." Here, he tells the reader that a few hundred grams of bread would determine a man's life in that camp showing how little food is given to the prisoners. He is forced to live and work in conditions that would repulse the average person today. "The belly is a rascal. It doesn't remember how well you treated it yesterday , it'll cry out for more tomorrow." The way these people were treated were inhumane and intolerable, yet Shukov continued to survive. Work was used as a distraction from thinking about his pains, problems and family. Physical labour was one of two elements of Shukov's life that help him survive. "And now Shukov and the other masons felt the cold no longer. Thanks to the urgent work, the first wave of heat had come over them.

Elie Wiesel- Night Essay

In one scene taken from the novel Night, Elie Wiesel conveys a powerful experience based on his first arrival at Auschwitz. The beginning of this scene starts off with dialog and this technique is also used much throughout the rest of the scene. The use of this literary technique allows the reader to become submerged within the moment Wiesel is describing. The reader experiences the moment just as Wiesel himself might have experienced it at the time which creates a more suspenseful feeling in the scene. Each sentence of dialog allows the reader to be â€Å"in† the moment because we are gathering pieces of the story just as the character is. The reader has become the character in their mind and this allows the situations and emotions that the actual character experiences to affect the reader on a much deeper and personal level. The author does not use a great deal of descriptive imagery either. We are shown more of the characters inner conflict rather than a detailed depiction of the setting itself. This further reinforces the fact that the reader is in a sense going through these conflicts with the character. It is much more effective to convey the horrors of the concentration camp through the emotions of the character rather than actually give a descriptive setting. For example, when Wiesel writes, â€Å"Not far from us, flames were leaping up from a ditch . . . I saw it with my own eyes . . . those children in the flames.† (P30) You would think that the author would describe more in depth, the horror being witnessed, but instead he uses the character’s reaction to this scene to portray the nightmare. â€Å"I pinched my face. Was I still alive? Was I awake? I could not believe it. How could it be possible for them to burn people, children and for the world to keep silent? No, none of this could be true. It was a nightmare.†(P30) We experience the character’s feelings as if they were our own, because the author has already established a base from the dialog that connects us more deeply to the story. The inner conflict of the character toward the end of the scene though, when he seems certain he is going to be burned in the crematory, holds the greatest preponderance of any other part of the scene. The character is waiting for his death, and as he draws nearer to his demise his inner thoughts are broken up by the systematic rhythm of his final steps. The  author is using the repetition of his steps to build suspense. At each step, layer upon layer of tension is added. The reader leans further to the edge of their seat if you will, holding their breath as the moment of truth draws nearer and nearer until a mere two steps away from certain death, the character is pulled out of harms way and directed to the concentration camp barracks. Yes, the imminent danger of death has passed, but the reader has now come to realize the hopelessness of being captive in what William Styron referred to in his essay â€Å"Hell reconsidered,† as basically hell on earth, otherwise known as Au schwitz. At the conclusion of the scene Wiesel uses parallelism of the sentence structure, â€Å"Never shall I . . . ,† and then continues on to list all of the atrocities that still haunt the character to this day. Each line stated is like another blow to the characters and the reader’s emotions. Again, the danger of certain death had passed, and we know that he survived the nightmare, but now all of these things are forever etched inside the characters being. â€Å"Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke . . . Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever . . . Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust.†(P32) He physically may have survived, but has his soul? The author’s effective use of dialog, parallelism, and a detailed description of the characters inner conflict allows the reader to become so connected to the character themselves, that this ending point of the scene leaves us with such an utter sense of what the character actually experienced, that the power of the scene quite literally leaves one speechless. Through the use of all of these things the author clearly delivers a most compelling and powerful scene.

Difference Between Shi’a and Sunni Muslims

Just like Christianity, Islam is divided into two large groups based on different beliefs and traditions: Shi’a and Sunni. One major difference they have or the main dividing factor as some would it is the succession to their prophet, Muhammad. The dominant sect, the Sunnis, believe in the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs with Abu Bakr being the first while Shi’a’s maintain it was Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, who was the first caliph. 1 The structure of the Shi’a and Sunni Muslims’ religious leadership also vary.One follows strict spiritual hierarchy and requires each one to pay two religious taxes called Khum and Zakat while the latter are only to pay Zakat and has no hierarchy in the clergy. 2 Another distinction would be each sects preference for literature with Sunni Muslims favouring any Sunnah or Hadith literature narrated any of the twelve thousand pilgrims. On the contrary, Shia Muslims only accept these works under varying measures and only under close scrutiny. Ultimately, these and other differences led to varying understanding of the laws and practices of Islam. 3 â€Å" What's the Difference: Shia vs. Sunni,† last modified March 13, 2007, http://www. neatorama. com/2007/03/13/whats-the-difference-shia-vs-sunni/. 2 â€Å"Sunni and Shi'a,† last modified August 19, 2009, http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1. shtml#h4. 3 â€Å"Sunni and Shi'a,† last modified August 19, 2009, http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1. shtml#h4. http://www. neatorama. com/2007/03/13/whats-the-difference-shia-vs-sunni/ http://www. bbc. co. uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sunnishia_1. shtml#h4